分子距边矢量与烃类化合物的溶解度及辛醇/水分配系数定量关系的研究

定义并计算了烃类化合物（包括链烃、环烃、芳香烃）的分子距离－边数矢量（μ矢量），藉助多元线性回归技术分别建立了137个烃类化合物的μ矢量与这些物质的正辛醇／水分配系数lgKow及水溶解度的定量结构／性质相关关系模型。模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力。说明经改进的μ矢量能更好地反映烃类化合物的结构特性。     

Channel Roughness in North Carolina Mountain Streams

Channel roughness, often described by Manning's n, is used to represent the amount of resistance that flow encounters, and has direct implications on velocity and discharge. Ideally, n is calculated from a long‐term record of channel discharge and hydraulic geometry. In the absence of these data, a combination of photo references and a validated qualitative method is preferable to simply choosing n arbitrarily or from a table. The purpose of this study was to use United States Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow data to calculate roughness coefficients for streams in the mountains of North Carolina. Five USGS gage stations were selected for this study, representing drainage areas between 71.5 and 337 km². Photo references of the study sites are presented. Measured discharges were combined with hydraulic geometry at a cross‐section to calculate roughness coefficients for flows of interest. At bankfull flow, n ranged between 0.039 and 0.064 for the five study sites. Roughness coefficients were not constant for all flows in a channel, and fluctuated over a large range. At all sites, roughness was highest during low‐flow conditions, then quickly decreased as flow increased, up to the bankfull elevation.     

Environmental sub models for a macroeconomic model: agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification in Denmark

Integrated modelling of the interaction between environmental pressure and economic development is a useful tool to evaluate environmental consequences of policy initiatives. However, the usefulness of such models is often restricted by the fact that these models only include a limited set of environmental impacts, which are often energy-related emissions. In order to evaluate the development in the overall environmental pressure correctly, these model systems must be extended. In this article an integrated macroeconomic model system of the Danish economy with environmental modules of energy related emissions is extended to include the agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification. Next to the energy sector, the agricultural sector is the most important contributor to these environmental themes and subsequently the extended model complex calculates more than 99% of the contribution to both climate change and acidification. Environmental sub-models are developed for agriculture-related emissions of CH(4), N(2)O and NH(3). Agricultural emission sources related to the production specific activity variables are mapped and emission dependent parameters are identified in order to calculate emission coefficients. The emission coefficients are linked to the economic activity variables of the Danish agricultural production. The model system is demonstrated by projections of agriculture-related emissions in Denmark under two alternative sets of assumptions: a baseline projection of the general economic development and a policy scenario for changes in the husbandry sector within the agricultural sector.     

风力发电项目主要环境问题及可能的解决对策

风力发电项目环境影响集中反应在噪声和生态方面,噪声源主要是空气动力噪声、机械噪声及结构噪声。空气动力噪声是主要噪声并呈现明显的低频特征;生态环境影响体现在项目占地带来的地表植被破坏、生物量损失、地表扰动、水土流失等问题,减少项目占地是减缓生态影响的重要措施。     

滇池流域农村生活污水产排污系数研究

通过对滇池流域农村生活污水产、排污系数的调查、监测和研究,统计分析得出滇池流域农村生活污水产、排污系数,为滇池流域农村生活污染治理工作提供科学依据。     

基于DFT的二英脂-水分配系数QSPR研究

基于密度泛函理论,利用多氯二苯并对二(噁)英(PCDDs)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)几何构型全优化而得的量子化学和延伸计算参数:前线轨道能、熵、无迹四极矩、分子绝对硬度、电负性和亲电指数等,对两类化合物在(虹鳉)脂-水间的平衡分配性质进行了定量化模型研究,并由多元线性回归分析(MLR)建立了二次函数型的定量结构-性质相关关系(QSPR):lgKbw=5.343-0.001(S-125.480)2-0.355(ω-3.239)2 0.006(Qzz-2.950)2-22.728(η-2.365)2.结果表明,模型具有较高的拟合优度与稳健性,其决定系数和交叉验证相关系数分别为0.943和0.908,且模型的内外部预测性能理想,总体质量明显优于SOFA(solubility parameter for fate analysis)计算结果,可用于未知脂-水分配性质的预测; PCDD/Fs脂-水平衡分配(系数)主要与分子体积以及由电荷分布决定的芳烃分子间相互作用有关,也受潜在的生物转化和分子反应性的影响.     

气相爆轰波通过声学吸收壁时强度衰减过程的实验研究

该文旨在研究稳定的气体爆轰波通过声学吸收壁强度衰减的过程。研究表明，当实验气体的初始压力小于某一临界值Pε时，爆轰波发生显著的衰减现象，胞格逐渐消失，爆速下降到稳定爆速的约0．5倍。该文利用不同初压下的烟迹图详细地分析了横波衰减并因此导致稳定爆轰波强度衰减的机理，给出了爆轰波与声学吸收壁作用的一个简化的理论模型，并且得到了衰减长度随初压变化的实验曲线。     

大气传输路径对上甸子本底站气溶胶光学特性的影响

利用2005~2010年北京上甸子本底站的PM2.5浓度、气溶胶散射系数(σsp)的连续观测资料,结合后向轨迹分析方法,探讨了不同季节、不同气团传输路径对本底地区气溶胶光学特性的影响.结果表明,污染物水平不仅与气团来向有关,也与气团的运动状态有关.偏南气团路径下的PM2.5浓度和σsp整体高于偏北气团路径,同时运动速度较慢、高度较低的气团路径多对应较高的PM2.5浓度和σsp.春、夏、秋季来自华北平原地区以及冬季来自华北区域北部的慢速、低气团对上甸子的污染水平有重要贡献.沙尘气溶胶多出现在春季,平均气溶胶质量散射效率(αsp)为0.78 m2·g-1.四季平均人为污染气溶胶的αsp为4.00 m2·g-1,其中冬季最高,春季最低.对于人为污染气溶胶来说,春、夏、秋三季的西北偏西路径、偏南路径以及偏北路径中速度较慢的轨迹组均具有较高的αsp(4.0 m2·g-1),表明这些气团路径受人为排放活动影响较大,而冬季各路径的αsp均较高,说明冬季区域内人为排放的影响比较一致.春、夏、秋三季中其他偏北的气团路径主要受到人为污染与沙尘气溶胶的共同影响.     

上海市大气散射消光特征及其与颗粒物化学组成关系研究

为研究上海市大气颗粒物散射系数分布特征以及颗粒物化学组分贡献率,2009年用浊度仪对散射系数进行观测,同时采集PM2.5,分析其主要化学成分浓度.观测发现,秋、冬季散射系数较高,夏季最小.散射系数日变化有早、晚两个峰,午间出现低谷.散射系数与温度、风速有显著负相关性.多元回归得到OC、NO-3、NH+4是影响消光系数的主要化学成分.依据IMPROVE估算公式,将OC分为吸湿性和非吸湿性部分,并加入海盐影响,使估算bext值更接近监测值.OC、EC和硫酸铵盐为估算消光系数主要贡献成分.